Organ Sales Essays - Organ Trade, Commerce, Organ Transplantation

Organ Sales Since 1984, the buying and selling of human organs has been illegal in the United States. This prohibition on organ markets is very controversial. In the future it may not be the problem that it is today because of advances in the field of medicine. Unfortunately, right now there is an increasing scarcity of organs, and the waiting lists for livers, hearts, and other such organs get longer everyday. People are dying from this law, last year, 4,855 people died waiting for organ transplants in the United States (Waiting For a Chance to Live). To remedy this problem, the Federal government should repeal the prohibition on the sale of human organs; they should keep close tabs and impose regulations in order to keep the market fair. This economical and ethical problem is one in which government interference would definitely benefit the individuals involved. If people do truly own one thing, it is our own bodies, and we should be able to do with them as we please. It's legal to sell your hair or reproductive materials, but somehow legislators have come to the decision that the sale of a kidney is different than a woman selling a clutch of her eggs. Medical research companies can make huge profits off of products that come from DNA or cells taken without consent. Despite the many ethical concerns that some individuals may have, in a free country we should have the profit in any way we can so long as it doesn't hurt others. Any living individual should be able to sell their organs, but only to the governments, as some experts in the field of transplants have proposed. The government could then disperse the organs as they saw fit, to the sickest individuals first. There should also be stringent regulations on the condition of the organs being sold, so as to avoid an influx of bad organs into the market from people who are desperate for mone y. Blood banks had a quality problem until they switched to a strictly voluntary basis, but that is the system which organ banks use now, and it is obviously hopelessly inadequate. There are simply too few people willing to donate their organs. Brian Nottage says of the wait for kidneys, If allowed to trade freely, an equilibrium quantity that is higher than this amount would surely result, eliminating most of the shortage and waiting time. His numbers indicate that a $20,000 increase in the price for a kidney would bring around a 50% higher donation rate. He also says that the deadweight loss of welfare ?could be as high as $100 million. Cadaver organs should also be considered fair game as well. Some prominent people in the medical and ethical communities have advanced the idea that unless otherwise specified, consent for donation should be assumed. This is also how some European nations have come to deal with the ever-growing problem. Improvements during the past decade in the safety and effectiveness of liver, heart, and kidney transplants induced a rapid growth in the demand for organs, which now far exceeds supply. (How Uncle Sam Could Ease the Organ Shortage) This shows how the demand for organs is elastic. The supply of organs is elastic as well, but with no new incentives to donate or the right to sell organs, the supply has leveled off, leaving an increasing amount of people on waiting lists. Now, while government interference in trade is usually a bad thing, it would in this case help to ensure that everyone in need of a transplant received one. There are stories of wealthy foreigners coming to American clinics and using money to jump the waiting lists and get transplants while poorer people go without the kidneys or livers they need. Because a binding price ceiling would cause a shortage, the government should let the market find it's own equilibrium. But because this could conceivably leave people withou t the means to purchase one on their own out in the cold, the government could help poorer patients out financially in some manner. The advantages of a repeal on the prohibition would be that thousands of people who otherwise would have died while waiting for an organ transplant

History of the Production Processes

History of the Production Processes In the entire history of human life, man has been engaged in a lot of activities to produce the goods and services that are necessary to sustain his life. During the Stone Age period, man used simple tools made from rock to hunt and prepare food.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of the Production Processes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With time, his brain capacity increased and so did his needs and desires. To meet his ever-increasing needs, man had to boost his production process and improve on efficiency. This ensured that the goods that have been produced are of the right quality and quantity in order to meet the requirements of the consumers. Since the invention steam engine, a lot of advancement has been seen in the automobile industry, especially in car manufacturing. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, there were only few expertised individuals in the car manufacturing industry. However , with time, more individuals became familiar with the process and hence more cars were produced. To sustain the increased demand and competition, manufacturers had to build better cars with the latest designs, increased safety and high performance. As result, companies such as General Motors, Ford, Toyota and Mercedes Benz came up. Up to the present date, it is the dream of many individuals to own a motor vehicle. However, the production and use of motor vehicles has various effects on the environment. Some of these effects include the emission of greenhouse gasses and noise pollution (Ekins, 2000). The furniture and fitting industry is also another production avenue that has developed steadily over time. Furniture has developed from being basic home requirement to a product of prestige. As a result, the design, quality and quantity of furniture has become more sophisticated. In addition, the demand of furniture has also increased. From our basic knowledge, we know that the most co mmon material required to produce furniture is wood. Thus, to meet the increased demand for the product, more trees have to be cut down. This has led to the depletion of forests. The overall outcome of this process is the change in weather patterns that we are currently experiencing (Ekins, 2000).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consumption Behaviours The consumption behaviours of the goods and services that have been produced have also been changing with time. Some of these consumption behaviours have a significant effect on the environment. The use of bottled water for instance has led to the development of massive waste disposal problems. During its early days, bottled water was believed to be much safer as compared to tap water. This led to the increase in the consumption of bottled water by the world population. However, it was soon discovered that the conce pt of bottled water was just a marketing strategy and that there was little difference in terms of quality between bottled water and tap water. However, due to consumer preferences, a high proportion of the population still consumes the product. This has led to the development of a massive solid waste disposal problem due to the inefficiency of recycling the plastic cans that are used to pack the commodity. The domestic use of energy is also another issue of concern that plays a vital role on the sustainability of the environment. There are high rates of inefficient of energy such as electricity and coal. Leaving lights on when nobody is in the room or running the air conditioning system on good weather are some of unnecessary use of energy. This leads to unnecessary consumption of energy. Global Sustenance To meet the ever-increasing demand of goods and services of the global population and to ensure environmental sustainability, wise use of resources is necessary. This entails usi ng resources in a manner that will meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations. This can only be achieved through effective and efficient use of resources to avoid waste, minimizing of costs and meeting consumer needs. Reference Ekins, P. (2000). Economic growth and environmental sustainability: the prospects for  green growth. London, Routledge

Competitive Edge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Competitive Edge - Essay Example As the paper stresses business Ethics informs Olivia Jones to notify her employer over the need for competitive edge and uncover the situations she met while at the factory in Bombay. Her comfort all the way from the airport to the Hotel, in addition to her Limousine rides in the city against the inhumane conditions she face while at the factory demands an action, a debt to the society.  This study highlights that  there are a number of consequences that might result if she opts for either option. A company aiming to be at the pinnacle of a business field can be faced with the dilemma as well as Olivia Jones, exercising a social conscience in the business field and their careers respectively. Olivia Jones is not the ultimate decision maker, her fate lie with her employers, i.e. towards social conscience or profits.   A profit driven company’s drive must meet their targets and thrive in situations where they exploit their workers.   Ethical principles demand beneficence , and the decision maker is expected to do what is right and good. This should be priority; performance of a good deed and from the excerpt, a good deed is choosing the humane conditions over the competitive edge.  The justice principle states that decision makers must focus on those actions that are fair to certainly those people are involved. Ethical decisions must be consistent with ethical theory save for extenuating situations that can be justified which exist in this particular case.

O. J. Simpson Crimial Trial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

O. J. Simpson Crimial Trial - Essay Example Yet another reason for his acquittal related to the fact that DNA evidence, which was relatively new in trials, was doubtable as noted by Eliot (1995). In order for the court to prove that someone has committed murder, four elements must be proved. Harris, Thomas, Fisher and Hirsch (2002) state that the elements of murder in this sense include killing, with malice aforethought, by another human being, unlawfully as noted by). Yet again, the killing has to be of a human being for murder to apply. Malice in this sense constitutes having the intent to kill, intent to engage in a dangerous felony, intent to harm a person’s body seriously without causing death, or irresponsible indifference to cause to human life risk that is high and that cannot be justified (Harris, Thomas, Fisher and Hirsch, 2002). From the trial, the defense team succeeded in convincing the jury that there was not sufficient evidence to link James to the murder of the two victims. As a result, the accused was acquitted only later to be convicted for the wrongful death of

Foreign-Languages Instruction in Chinese and British Higher Education Essay

Foreign-Languages Instruction in Chinese and British Higher Education - Essay Example In the 1980s, Bob Adamson and Heidi Ross had experienced teaching English in China. The latter viewed foreign languages instruction in China as modernisation’s indicator, a phenomenon that was complicated and demanding (Potts 2003). As stated by Ross (1992), â€Å"Foreign language teaching in China has both reflected and complicated the competing political, economic and cultural imperatives secondary schools have been expected to mediate† (p. 240). The conflict between an ‘international interdependence’ and a ‘highly-cultured, public-spirited and well-disciplined socialist civilisation’ (Ross 1992, 243) that was invoked by modernisation was shown in the opposition between natural and teacher-directed use of foreign languages. As expressively articulated by Ross (1992), educators opposed and attempted to deal with these demands:Like Beijing opera stars who spend three years in the wings to perform three minutes on stage, the foreign language tea cher’s fulfilment as a professional comes from moments when carefully constructed lessons are masterfully delivered. Relinquishing the metaphor of teaching and learning as perfect performance requires that secondary school teachers accept the learning process as an unpredictable, socially-constructed activity. That they are grappling with this challenge is clearly reflected in the growing trend to ‘psychologise’ secondary school foreign language teaching policy and practice (Ross 1992, 244-245).  Ã‚     Higher education instructors in China revealed.... years in the wings to perform three minutes on stage, the foreign language teacher’s fulfilment as a professional comes from moments when carefully constructed lessons are masterfully delivered. Relinquishing the metaphor of teaching and learning as perfect performance requires that secondary school teachers accept the learning process as an unpredictable, socially-constructed activity. That they are grappling with this challenge is clearly reflected in the growing trend to ‘psychologise’ secondary school foreign language teaching policy and practice (Ross 1992, 244-245). Higher education instructors in China revealed that one of the problems they face was the absence of opportunity to instigate a reformed educational practice. Their students as well as their selves encountered the same pressures (Hall 2000). It was difficult to deviate from entrenched cultural beliefs and traditional methods. In the 1980s, talking about the prevalent use of the ‘New Concept English’ (Ross 1992, 248), Ross stated that educators are resolute that this rooting in ‘fundamentals’ through representation and reiteration results in ingenious performance later on. There were several educators who were able to provide an ideal performance and cultivate natural language by their pupils yet this was seldom (McLaren & Torres 1999). Higher education teachers would be anxious that, due to the inadequacy of their own language skills and time, they would fail to correct mistakes if pupils continued on a spontaneous task. Instead of feeling limited by pressures for compliance in teaching, educators in higher education reveal that an expanded syllabus from which there is slight departure recognises all the strong points of educators and balances the learning context of every student

The Five Main Theories Of Truth

The Five Main Theories Of Truth There are five main theories of truth, these are: the correspondence theory, the coherence theory, and the pragmatic, redundancy and semantic theories. All these theories are concerned with the truth and falsity of what people say or think. A.Correspondance Theory The correspondence theory of truth states that the falsity or truth of a statement can only be judged in its relationship to the world and whether it actually describes the world accurately; therefore true statements correspond to the actual state of affairs. This model is a traditional way of thinking and can be linked back to some of the Greek Philosophers such as Aristotle, Socrates and Plato. This theory can be broken down into two sections; on the first hand this theory tries to conjecture a relationship between thoughts or statements and on the other hand things or facts. As Aristotle stated in his Metaphysics: To say that (either) that which is is not or that which is not is, is a falsehood; and to say that that which is is and that which is not is not, is true(Aristole ()) The correspondence theory can be split into two main categories the first being correspondence as congruence. Correspondence as congruence claims that for a statement to be true must have a structural isomorphism(2) that is directly linked to a state of affairs in the world that makes it true(3). This can be best demonstrated in Russells Theory of Judgment in which he proposed that belief cannot be a binary relation between the believer and fact, as one could not have false beliefs. As an alternative, Russell construed belief as a multigrade relation between the believer and the objects in belief. For example: Othello believes that Desdemona loves Cassio This statement can be seen as true in the eyes of Russell as the object of the belief are related as they are judged to be related and if Desdemona does love Cassio. However one of the main criticisms of Russell is that is it impossible to hold a false belief about non-existents, although it is obvious that there are such false beliefs, for example, a child believing Santa Claus has a white beard, however the sentence itself would be said to be false as there is no such thing as Santa. Richard Kirkham (1992) states, in relation to this, that the theory of descriptions can be applied to sentences but not beliefs as it is impossible to judge non-existents on Russells theory. There is a huge pothole in this theory as some sentences can pose difficult for this model: a small cheque is a kind of cheque but a counterfeit cheque may not be in Russells case as adjectives such as counterfeit lose their simple meaning. This caused Russell to abandon his theory and develop a new theory of judgm ent in 1919. Correspondence as correlation is the second half of the correspondence theory and was developed by John Austin. Austin theorised that there does not necessarily need to be a relationship between a true statement and the state of affairs that makes it true as he tried to prove that the value of truth was only a small part in the rage of utterances. Austin heavily disagreed with the presumption that utterances always have to constate or describe the subject in turn making them true or false and thus Austin introduced performance sentences(4). Performance utterances are not true or false that is not truth-evaluable(5) instead they can be said to be happy or unhappy(J.S. Andersson (1975)). Uttering such performatives can be said to be doing a certain type of illocutionary action. This to Austin would not just be describe as: just saying or describing something(J.L. Austin (1962)) Austin gives an example of a performance utterance: I bet you six pence it will rain tomorrow(J.L. Austin (1962)) In making this utterance you are obligating a promise, you are not just simply stating what you are doing. However if, for example, you do not keep your promise and offer the sixpence if it rains although this is not in order with the utterance the sentence is not false it can just be said to be happy or unhappy, however this also demonstrates how the sentence can never be true. However, J.R. Searle argues that performatives are in fact true or false and says performatives are what we would otherwise call declarations and is a technical notion of Searles account: the successful performance of the speech act is sufficient to bring about the fit between words and world, to make the propositional content true. (J.R. Searle(1989)). Bach and Harnish (1991) agree with Searle in saying that performances can be true of false, however for different reasons. They believed that these performances are directly statements not declarations. On the other hand Bach and Harnish attack Searle stating that ordinary performances do not need rationalisation, because they are an ordinary and successful way of communicating when the audience can infer your communicative intention. This contrasts Searles view point as he states performances are declarations as declarations are only accidently communicative and are only really successful if they fulfil the conventions. Bach and Harnish finally argued that even though communicative success relies on the agreement that they are statements the performative force of perfortatives does not. B. The Coherence Theory The coherence theory differs to the correspondence theory for two main reasons the first being that the competing theories give different meaning to the proposition and their truth condition. According to the coherence theory the relationship is that of coherence. There are several versions of the coherence theory of which differ on two major parts. The different versions of the theory give different accounts of the coherence relation. In accordance to some early versions of the theory the coherence can simply be put as consistency; therefore to say that the propositions join together to a specific set of propositions is to say that the propositions are consist ant to that set. This version can be deemed unsatisfactory for the following reason: consider two propositions that belong to different sets surely these propositions could both be consistent with a specific set whilst simultaneously being inconsistent with each other. The second and more credible version of the coherence theory offers that coherence is some form of entailment. In accordance with this version a proposition coheres with a set of propositions if and only if it is entailed by many sets. There are two principle lines of arguments that have led philosophers to adopt a coherence theory of truth. Early advocates were convinced by the focus on metaphysical questions, lately there has been attention paid to the epistemological and semantic basis of coherence. The earliest versions of coherence were associated with the idea of idealism. The coherence theory was adopted by a number of British idealists in the latter years of the nineteenth century. For example, F.H Bradley (1914). It can be said that idealists are lead to the coherence theory because of their metaphysical position. Advocates of the correspondence theory believe that statements and beliefs are ontologically different from the objective setting which makes the said belief true. Idealists on the other hand do not believe that there is an ontological standpoint between beliefs and what makes these beliefs true. From this idealist point of view reality is simple a collection of beliefs. Accordingly, a belief cannot be accurate or true because it corresponds to something that is not a belief. As an alternative the truth of a belief can only be validated if consistent with its coherence with other held beliefs, therefore a belief that come from an idealism perspective comes in degrees. A belief is true to the degree that it coheres with others. Bearing this in mind it has been stated by Candlish (2006) that F. H. Bradley described an identity theory not a coherence theory. There is another route to adopt when looking at coherence theory, one of an epistemological route. Blanshard (1939) argued that: a coherence theory of justification leads to a coherence theory of truth. His argument is as follows: Someone might believe that coherence with a set of beliefs is a test to seek the truth but that the truth is comprised of a correspondence theory of objective facts. Never the less, if truth consists in correspondence to facts, coherence with a set of beliefs will not suffice to test for the truth. This can be said to be the case as there is no concrete guarantee that a succinct coherent set of beliefs is a foolproof test for the truth. If coherence is simply a good but weak test for the truth, then the argument fails (Rescher 1973). There is a falling apart of truth, as Blanshard suggests, if it can be only seen as a fallible test. Another view point is that we cannot get outside or escape our own beliefs making it complicated to compare statements to objective facts. There is evidence of a version of this argument adopted by logical positivists such as Neurath (1983) and Hempel (1935). This argument is similar to Blanshards in which it depends of the coherence theory for justification. This line of argument infers that we will never know if a proposition corresponds to reality. This argument is scrutinised by two main criticisms. Firstly, it relies on the coherence theory for validation and therefore susceptible to any objections to this theory. Secondly, a coherence theory does not always follow these premisses. We cannot imply that a proposition that cannot be know to comply with reality does not comply with reality. Even if correspondence theorists agree that we can only know the propositions which fall in line with our beliefs, they can still believe that truth is held within our correspondence; if so then it must be accepted that there a truths which cannot be known. Otherwise, it can be said, that the coherence of a statement with a set of fixed beliefs is is a valid indicator that the statement corresponds to objective facts and we can safely know that propositions correspond. This was the viewpoint of Davidson (1920) It is felt that coherence theorists need to justify that propositions cannot correspond to objective facts, not just that they cannot be known to. As noted, the coherence and correspondence theories have different view about the conditions of truth. One way to help decide which of these accounts is correct is to be aware of the procedure by which propositions are assigned truth conditions. Finally Coherentists can dispute that the lone condition that the speaker can justify his or her own propositions is only in relation to his or her beliefs (Young (1995)). There are many criticisms of the coherence theory of truth; however there are two that will be focused on: the specification objection and the transcendence objection. The specific objection states that coherence theorists have no possible method to identify a set of propositions without contradicting their own. This argument can be first seen in Russell (1907). However there are other uses of truth and the word true, for example, we speak of a true friend however this is often set aside, perhaps derivative but at any rate different. Many views are held about how the content of what we say and think should be specified thus leading us to be concerned with what the bearers of truth are; for Wittgenstein the world consisted of facts. Human beings are made a wear of facts by virtue of our mental representation and thoughts. These thoughts are expressed in propositions, whose form indicates the position of these facts in reality. Everything that is true, that is, all the facts that constitute to the world and which (in principle) can be expressed by atomic sentences. Tautological expression occupy a special role in this language framework because they are true under all conditions, however tautologies are literally nonsense as they convey nothing about what the facts truly are. Despite this, since they are true under all conditions, tautologies provide the underlying structure of all language; this being thought and reality. Fitting with the ideas in Wittgensteins writings, Tractatus (6.1), that the most scientific, logical features of the world are not themselves additional fact about it. Much like beauty propositions are entirely devoid of value. Facts are just facts; everything else that gives the world meaning must reside elsewhere. Wittgenstein was trying to achieve a properly logical language; therefore only dealing with what is true. Aesthetics judgements about what is beautiful and ethical judgments about what is good simply cannot be expressed within logical language, since they transcend what can be pictured in thought. This can be seen as a major problem as this would leave all the major questions in traditional philosophy not only unanswered but also un-askable. It is therefore not unfair to conclude that the Tractatus itself is nothing more than useful nonsense. Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent. This stark and lone statement renders literally all of human life unspeakable. It was this carefully delineated sense of what logical language can properly express which influenced the ideas of Logical Positivism. Wittgenstein proposed himself that there was nothing left of philosophers to do which is reflected in his abandoment of the discipline for nearly a decade. The problem with Wittgensteins logical analysis is that it demands too much precision, both in the definitions of words and in the representations of their logical structure. In ordinary language, applications of a word often only bear a family resemblance to one another; also there are many grammatical forms of expressing the same basic thought. However, under these conditions.

Abortion - Can You Hear the Babies Screaming? :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

Abortion - Can You Hear the Babies Screaming?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On January   22, 1973,   the United States Supreme Court legalized abortion. When the it ruled that abortion was legal, the court not only gave women the right to choose but also gave the unborn   babies   a right to die. Since that day, millions upon millions of unborn children have been ripped apart, burned with saline solutions, and sucked from their mothers' wombs. With every abortion that occurs another inaudible scream from the unborn child   is silenced and the rights of that child   are   taken away .      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If someone where to be asked if murder was wrong, the general answer would be yes. When that same person is asked if abortion is murder,   the answer may be yes, but most likely   the answer is no. Why do most people think that murder is wrong, but do not agree that abortion is murder?   The reason for this contradiction is that   most people believe that the unborn infant is not a human, but an organ or part of the woman's body, which would make the act of aborting the child just the same as removing an appendix. This problem of when life begins stems from the inconsistencies which come from the case of Roe v. Wade. The Supreme Court interrupted   that by the ninth   and fourteenth amendments that a woman has the right to an abortion. The court that day, however, did not rule when a life begins for a human.   If society is to assume that a fetus is a human the second it   leaves the uterus, then what is the unborn baby three minutes from birth , a monkey. When an unborn baby is aborted, society must realize that an organ was not taken out, but a living human being.   This would make abortion wrong because according to law, no one has the right to take away anther's life.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With many   people considering   the cases of unwanted pregnancy due to rape or incest to be acceptable, they must   realize that the child is not the crime.   Society's reason behind this is, why should the woman suffer from the pain and remembrance that the pregnancy brings.   Even though cases of abortion

Review Assessment: Online Assignment One S2 2012 Essay

1.The service department cost allocation method that completely ignores reciprocal services between service departments is called the: Answer Selected Answer: direct method. 2.In order to have a high-quality finished product: Answer Selected Answer: the product’s design specifications must meet customers’ expectations AND the product must meet the standards of its design. 3.The ‘direct method’ ignores the fact that: Answer Selected Answer: some service departments provide services to other service departments 4.Refer to the following data. Direct material used$150 000 Selling costs$5 000 Indirect labour$7 000 Administrative costs$10 000 Depreciation on factory equipment$70 000 Direct labour$40 000 Overtime premiums paid$20 000 Indirect materials$45 000 The product costs are: Answer Selected Answer: $332 000 5.The Casual Furniture Company manufactures outdoor furniture, and incurred the following costs during the month of January. Timber$25 000 Paint$5 000 Glue$500 Wages—assembly personnel$20 000 Wages—factory supervisor$3 500 Factory cleaner’s wages$2 000 Sales commissions$10 000 Administrative staff salaries$4 000 Depreciation—factory equipment$3 000 Depreciation—sales office equipment$1 000 Utilities, insurance—factory$6 000 Utilities, insurance—sales office$2 000 Advertising$8 000 Total costs$90 000 The manufacturing overhead is: Correct Answer: $15 000 6.Cost of Goods Manufactured = Beginning Work in Process + Total Manufacturing Costs – Ending Work in Process. Answer Selected Answer: True 7.When recording inventory in the financial statements, the accounting standards prescribe that the companies use the lower of cost or net realisable value. Answer Selected Answer: True 8.The Lots More Store has a Janitorial Department and a Personnel Department that provide services to three Sales Departments. The Janitorial Department cost is allocated based on space and the Personnel Department cost is allocated based on employees. The following information is available. PersonnelJanitorialSalesSalesSales DeptDept#1#2#3 Budget$45 000$30 000 Space (sq m)4 0001 00020 00030 00050 000 No. of Employees510154530 Using the step-down method, calculate the amount of Janitorial Department cost allocated to Sales Department #2, if the Personnel Department is allocated first. Answer Selected Answer: $10 350 9.Quality of conformance refers to: Answer Selected Answer: the degree to which the product meets its design specifications. 10.Which of the following is not an objective of management accounting? Answer Selected Answer: Providing information for profit and loss statements 11.Appraisal costs refer to costs incurred: Correct Answer: in determining whether defects exist. 12.Leisure Life manufactures a variety of sporting equipment. The firm’s predetermined overhead application rate was 150 per cent of direct labour cost. Job 101 included direct materials of $15 000 and direct labour of $6 000. The manufacturing overhead applied to Job 101 during the year was: Answer Selected Answer: $9 000 13.Which of the following is not a cost of quality? Answer Selected Answer: Productive inefficiency cost 14.If production increases, variable cost will: Correct Answer: remain constant on a per unit basis. 15.The service department cost allocation method that fully accounts for the mutual provision of services between service departments is called the: Answer Selected Answer: reciprocal method. 16.Which of the following statements is correct? Answer Selected Answer: Cost accounting is a subset of management accounting. 17.Richardson & Sons purchased direct material worth $15 000 during the most recent period. At the end of the period the direct material account balance was $6 000 larger than the beginning balance. Cost of goods sold was $150 000. Overhead is applied at 50 per cent of direct labour cost. Other account balances are: BeginningEnding Work in process$75 000$20 000 Finished goods$110 000$60 000 What is the amount of prime cost added to production for the period? Answer Selected Answer: $33 000 18.Product costs comprise: Answer Selected Answer: direct materials, direct labour and manufacturing overhead. 19.The flow of manufacturing costs through the system is: Answer Selected Answer: raw materials inventory; work in process inventory; finished goods inventory; cost of goods sold. 20.Whether a cost is classified as direct or indirect will depend on: Answer Selected Answer: the nature of the cost object AND whether the cost can be economically traced to the cost object. 21.Barrett Industries began the month of June with a finished goods inventory of $15 000. The finished goods inventory at the end of June was $10 000 and the cost of goods sold during the month was $20 000. The cost of goods manufactured during the month of June was: Answer Selected Answer: $15 000 22.In the manufacturing firm, inventories consist of: Answer Selected Answer: raw materials, work in process and finished goods. 23.Which of the following statements is correct in relation to determining whether a cost is direct or indirect? Answer Selected Answer: The wider the definition of the cost object the more costs that will be direct costs. 24.Refer to the following data. Direct material used$150 000 Selling costs$5 000 Indirect labour$7 000 Administrative costs$10 000 Depreciation on factory equipment$70 000 Direct labour$40 000 Overtime premiums paid$20 000 Indirect materials$45 000 The prime costs are: Answer Selected Answer: $190 000 25.A courier company may view kilometres driven as a possible cost driver. Answer Selected Answer: True 26.Rappaport Corporation reported the following data for the month of February: The direct materials cost for February is: Answer Selected Answer: $88,000 27.During the month of August, direct labor cost totaled $13,000 and direct labor cost was 20% of prime cost. If total manufacturing costs during August were $88,000, the manufacturing overhead was: Answer Selected Answer: $23,000 28. Rappaport Corporation reported the following data for the month of February: The adjusted cost of goods sold that appears on the income statement for February is: Answer Selected Answer: $240,000 29.A partial listing of costs incurred at Peggs Corporation during September appears below: The total of the period costs listed above for September is: Answer Selected Answer: $318,000 30.The following data pertain to Harriman Company’s operations during July: The ending finished goods inventory was: Answer Selected Answer: $7,000 31.For the current year, Paxman Company incurred $150,000 in actual manufacturing overhead cost. The Manufacturing Overhead account showed that overhead was overapplied in the amount of $6,000 for the year. If the predetermined overhead rate was $8.00 per direct labor-hour, how many hours were worked during the year? Answer Selected Answer: 19,500 hours 32.Management of Berndt Corporation has asked your help as an intern in preparing some key reports for August. The beginning balance in the raw materials inventory account was $33,000. During the month, the company made raw materials purchases amounting to $62,000. At the end of the month, the balance in the raw materials inventory account was $30,000. Direct labor cost was $46,000 and manufacturing overhead was $74,000. The beginning balance in the work in process account was $13,000 and the ending balance was $19,000. The beginning balance in the finished goods account was $54,000 and the ending balance was $50,000. Sales totaled $270,000. Selling expense was $18,000 and administrative expense was $49,000. The net operating income for August was: Answer Selected Answer: $20,000 33.Management of Berndt Corporation has asked your help as an intern in preparing some key reports for August. The beginning balance in the raw materials inventory account was $33,000. During the month, the company made raw materials purchases amounting to $62,000. At the end of the month, the balance in the raw materials inventory account was $30,000. Direct labor cost was $46,000 and manufacturing overhead was $74,000. The beginning balance in the work in process account was $13,000 and the ending balance was $19,000. The beginning balance in the finished goods account was $54,000 and the ending balance was $50,000. Sales totaled $270,000. Selling expense was $18,000 and administrative expense was $49,000. The cost of goods sold for August was: Answer Selected Answer: $183,000 34.The corporate controller’s salary would be considered a(n): Answer Selected Answer: administrative cost. 35.Choice of allocation base should be made based on: Answer Selected Answer: whether the base actually drives the cost being allocated. 36.The three basic elements of manufacturing cost are direct materials, direct labor, and: Answer Selected Answer: manufacturing overhead. 37.An opportunity cost is: Answer Selected Answer: the benefit forgone by selecting one alternative instead of another. 38.Which terms below correctly describe the cost of the black paint used to paint the dots on a pair of dice? Answer Selected Answer: Choice B 39.Buford Company rents out a small unused portion of its factory to another company for $1,000 per month. The rental agreement will expire next month, and rather than renew the agreement Buford Company is thinking about using the space itself to store materials. The term to describe the $1,000 per month is: Answer Selected Answer: opportunity cost. 40.Cost of goods manufactured will usually include: Answer Selected Answer: some costs incurred during the prior period as well as costs incurred during the current period.

Research Paper on Linux vs Windows

Research Paper on Linux vs Windows Linux is a free operating system which was created by an college student for a project for school. He combined a collection of free software and shareware that he downloaded from the Internet, to make an operating system. Linux is unique in that it is not copy righted but is copy left. This simply means that anyone can download Linux and is source code for free and make any adjustments they believe will improve the operating system as long as they make it  available for others to download. This feature can very well be the key that will eventually make Linux the most desirable operating system on the market. Many computer users feel that Windows will never be removed from the position that it has gained in the market. Windows was the first major operating system that used a graphical user interface. It did away with the task of remembering a list of Dos commands to accomplish normal computer activities. With Windows, a user simply has to click on an icon to accomplish a task. Without Windows, personal computers would probably not be as popular as they are today. Linux has several major advantages over Windows. The biggest advantage is probably the cost. Its free as opposed to $400 for Windows. Application software for Linux is also a lot cheaper then Windows software. A lot of Linux software can be  downloaded free off the Internet. There are many Linux user groups that work on developing and testing applications, and making them available for the public. Windows software is mainly developed by large corporations that must make a big profit off their software in order to fulfill their large payrolls. Another major advantage of Linux is the technical support. While you will  probably have to pay for a support package, you will be getting very good support. The people who support Linux are not just college students working a part-time job. They use Linux on an every day basis and truly care about fixing your problems. With Windows, however, tech support is usually free but very lousy. A lot of times the tech-support doesn’t even use the application they are supporting unless they are at work and can only answer questions on which they can find documentation. One disadvantage of Linux is trying to load it. Windows comes with a wizard that installs with very little user input, which makes it very easy to install especially for the average computer user with no technical education. Linux requires hardware knowledge and some Dos commands. The instillation process is very interactive. However, this is rapidly changing, Linux programmers at Redhat are working on creating a wizard to install the operating system and soon it might be easier to install than Windows. Linux is also great for networking, it can be configured to share CPU’s modems and any other hardware. Linux comes shipped with all the software needed to create a very powerful server. It comes with a Mail server, Internet server, Database server, C++ programming tools and many other development tools that you would have to buy separately with Windows NT. Linux is not just an college project anymore, it has advanced into a very powerful and useful operating system. Many say it is just a matter of time till it bypasses Windows and Macintosh. It will probably gain popularity very rapidly in the next 5 years as it becomes easier to install by an average user on a personal computer.

Esther’s Path for Plath Essays

Esther’s Path for Plath Essays Esther’s Path for Plath Essay Esther’s Path for Plath Essay Esther Greenwood, from the novel The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath, contests the hypocrisies of 1950’s male misogyny; she endures the prejudices that come with the era’s premature perception of mental illness, and she helps Plath to live on vicariously through her, in a way the great poet could not. The Bell Jar portrays mental illness as a disease to be ashamed of, and disregarded.   The book is written from the perspective of those living in the 1950’s. Plath’s main character, Esther Greenwood, experiences this inadequacy and discovers the truth about the society as she is treated for her medical diagnosis. In this book, Plath, like Greenwood, takes a step out of the typical beliefs and boundaries of her era.   A woman ahead of her time, Plath rebels through her writing, and asks more of society than it asks of itself. Her main character, Esther, goes through depressive social interactions that play off each other, until she has an identity crisis, and looks to suicide as her only end.   The conflict stems more from the limitations of society to be able to accept this type of behavior from a young woman than the illness itself.Esther is the I of the Bell Jar, in that she perceives everything as it happens, even when it’s happening to her.   Each connection she forms throughout her growth all contribute to her final state of balance. The relationships she forms with others are documented as they happen, and each one influences her sanity.   So much so, one relationship she has causes her to lose her sanity and then another causes her to reclaim it.   Esther’s father passes away when she is 9 years old.   She never finds a good relationship with a man, and she has no, real, deep connection with her mother.   Plus she is separated from all the other girls she encounters, particularly Joan, by her lack of wealth. It should be noted that, though all the girls are in New York for the same reason, they are granted this trip according to the stereotypical confines of their male overseers. The trip in itself is a form of molding the women for their place in society. Esther makes this clear when she says,we had all won a fashion magazine contest,†¦, and as prizes they gave us jobs in New York for a month, expenses paid, and piles and piles of free bonuses, like ballet tickets and passes to fashion shows and hair styling at a famous expensive salon and chances to meet successful people in the field of our desire and advice about what to do with our particular complexions (Plath, p4).If Esther is anything like Plath, as the reader is expected to believe, she will eventually see this ploy, the same way she eventually sees through Buddy. Not to forget, the nature of the relationship she has with Buddy is very fake and empty.   The fact that she is such a poetic introspective thinker, and Buddy is the exact opposite is even more draining to her character. In fact, Plat h presents her decision to cheat on Buddy in reaction to his affair as one of the key factors to her descent into madness. It is the connection she has with Joan and Dr. Norman that bring her sanity back.   These symbolic connections are key examples of Plath’s writing style.The Bell Jar’s greatness as a book is increased even more by Sylvia Plath’s method of writing and the sharing of her thoughts. Plath opened the doors to reality and through feministic views, showed the treatment of women, images and events about sex, and the mentally ill; both were thought of as inferior and less important during her time. Family and work pressures, transitions from adolescence to womanhood, or motherhood to menopause, even the stresses of daily life can influence mental health.   In her article, . â€Å"the intricate web of influences- genetic, sexual, and social – that affect mental well-being. Throughout the novel, Esther Greenwood is cynical, rebellious, and against the conventions of society; yet she had attempted to behave normally and fit in to the crowd. Her low self-esteem, the experience and the lack of experience she has of life, and the environment that surrounds her, leads to her inability to function and attempts of suicide. Esther’s troubles originate in her mind, but become worse by all the circumstances around her.   This is another example of the bildunsgroman model.As a young woman, who rebels against the limitations of 1950 society, Esther feels a disconnection with the rest of the world. She gains the will to surpass darkness, and to live life again.   This ideal of rebirth and redemption is a classic theme of many books like this. The Bell Jar falls within the bildungsroman model, in the fact that the main character develops in reaction to her environment.   These books are known for their characters having journeys of mental and spiritual growth, and eventually finding balance.   In her article, â€Å" The Bell Jar†: A Novel of the Fifties, Linda Wagner-Martin acknowledges that the book can be taken a in a number of ways and is actually quite a difficult novel to placed into one particular genre, or category.   This is due to the fact that most bildungroman’s star male protagonists.   By arguing this in 1992, she actually slightly refutes the argument made in 1974, by another scholar, ironically also named Linda Wagner.   This just proves the categorization of Plath’s novel is up for debate on many levels.Many scholars believe that if Esther was diagnosed today, she would be identified as a victim of Borderline Personality Disorder.   This is a disorder characteristic of disrupted interpersonal relationships.   It’s most common with females, and causes mood swings.   These people tend to fear abandonment and get very frantic over the thought of failure or rejection. Esther displays many of these same characteristics throughout the novel. In h er article Mental Wellness for Women, Rita Baron-Faust describes BPD as a pattern of unstable self-image, personal relationships and moods and impulsiveness (Baron-Faust 77). Some experts describe BPD as a major â€Å"identity crisis,† characterized by extreme uncertainty about many life issues, including career choices, long-term goals, choices in friends or lovers, questions of values and even sexual orientation (Baron-Faust, p84).   It is up for debate, whether BPD is Esther’s disorder; but the authenticity of Esther’s mental illness undoubtedly is the draw for many young readers, and scholastic analysis.In her article, â€Å"A Ritual For Being Born Twice† Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar, Marjorie G. Perloff analyzes the popular appeal the novel holds among young women. The concept of the emotional distress that comes from illness conflicting with the psychological and social boundaries, used to confine women during the 1950’s, is interpret ed as a major contribution to the books growing fan base. The major draw the book has is the complex nature of Esther’s dysfunctions.   She is mentally ill in a way that leaves her situation open to be theorized.   Barron-Faust characterized Esther as having borderline personality disorder.   This is based on her impulsive mood swings and unpredictable personality.   In Perloff’s essay, she cites a scholar by the name of J.D. Lang, who characterizes Esther’s behavior as being the schizoid personality type.   He says this is due to her often disconnection from reality.   Lang even gives an example from the book where Esther is being questioned by the Ladies’ Day, she asks, What do you have in mind after you graduate? Lang points out that Esther observes herself respond, and doesn’t feel attached to her actions.   Plath writes this response as, ‘I don’t really know,’ I heard my-self say†¦(Plath).   This citing enforces Lang’s position, but it is also said that people with borderline personality disorder have the same type of disconnection.   Even these scholars are left with no other choice but to theorize over what might have been Esther’s sickness.   The main sickness that leads to her almost committing suicide is still up for debate.   I personally think she suffered from avoidant personality disorder.Avoidant personality disorder is a classic bundle of character traits, which the story tellers have used to personify teenage loners, super villains, and dark heroes, since even before the Phantom of the opera, Frankenstein, or The Incredible Hulk Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by inhibition of social desires, feelings of inadequacy, and fear of negative judgment. People with this disorder are characterized as loners who feel separate from their society.   These are all characteristics which Esther exemplifies. Very few people who don’t know m uch about psychology know the difference between clinical psychological disorders and personality disorders.   For example, a student of psychology will tell you that Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder are two completely different dysfunctions.   The personality disorder is derived more of workaholic and dismissive tendencies; whereas, the clinical disease deals more with unavoidable impulses demanded by the brain.   The fact that Esther’s behavior can fall into so many separate categories of psychological health is just a testament to the depth of Plath’s character development.   And, it is also another perfect example of why so many young women can relate to this novel.Through Esther, Plath addresses practically every sociological discourse imaginable for a young woman to encounter.   The societal ideal that women are inferior is the antagonist to Esther’s heroin.   Plath confronts the hypocrisy between the sexes with the relationship between Esther and Buddy.   After Buddy cheats on her, she does the same in response.   The loss of her virginity to Irwin is another symbolic gesture of her rebellion against the misogynistic status quo.   Plath makes underlying statements about lesbianism, in a time when it too was considered a disease.   She does this in her conversation with Dr. Nolan.   Ester asks him what to women might see in one another, and he replies tenderness. This a very bold statement for any author to make, let alone a female one, in the 1950’s.   The main irony of the book is the fact that Esther doesn’t truly get sick until after her affair with Irwin.   One must wonder what Plath meant to imply by this, and what correlation it has to her own life.This novel is such a historic piece of literary art because it is a semi-autobiographical sketch of the days leading up to Plath’s own suicide. The novel is respect for its rebellious nature, a nd also the authenticity of Esther’s mental illness.   More important, than the mystery of whether she’ll improve, is the mystery behind the cause of her actual illness.   We are also left with the mystery of never knowing whether or not Esther improves, but knowing that Plath does not.   This leaves a very obscure explanation for the initial question what really leads one to suicide? In his article, Plath’s Lives, Langdon Hammer makes a clear connection of Plath to Esther, and their relation to suicide.And the moon that lives on? Is there a face in it? One biographical answer would be that the moon, in mourning clothes (Her blacks crackle and drag), is an image of the poet herself, safe above her other double, the dead woman.   Subtly associated with the slangy, tough-talking Esther Greenwood (She is used to this sort of thing), the moon hints at Plath’s hope of living on after suicide; we can read it as a sign of her wish to observe and so survi ve that bleak, approaching event (Hammer, p.85).Considering that the reader knows Plath doesn’t make it, but we are to assume that Esther does, the book is put in a very hard position. The poetic nature of Plath’s writing comes to play in the fact that the reader is given an underlying reason to believe that Esther will survive.In her essay Perloff gives notice to this underlying justification to carryon.   She claims that Esther has a rebirth and that it happens through the guidance of Dr. Nolan.   Perloff notes that since Dr. Nolan is the first woman who Esther doesn’t feel inclined to be like, it marks the beginning of Esther’s individuality.   An individuality, in which, she is completely apathetic towards the unjust world she’s been rebelling against. Perloff sums up this entire idea of Esther’s reassessment of her life, by citing one of Plath’s most poetic statements in the book, As if the usual order of the world had shif ted slightly (275, Plath)†¦This perfectly sums up the state of mind Esther is in, when she walks into the room at the end. The reader is given no reason to lose faith in Esther, this faith is slightly tainted by the fact the book is very closely based on Plath’s life and she died by committing suicide. As sad as it is to say, Plath’s death only enhanced the authenticity of Esther’s psychological dysfunction. The true identity of her mental disorder is a debate that will remain up for question, until the day we find out what happened when Esther walked into that room. By the story ending where it does, it leaves Esther’s outcome open for interpretation. With Plath’s close correlation to Esther, and her death in the back of the minds of every reader, I think Esther’s new found state of balance shows us what Plath aspired for; and by her leaving Esther’s fans to decide the outcome, in a way, she ensures an ever-changing ending for h erself.   I would hope they all turn out well.

Creating a Business Plan Project and Presentation (Course-Advanced PowerPoint

Creating a Business Plan Project and (Course-Advanced Business Dimensions of Health Care) - PowerPoint Presentation Example In order to achieve the mission the health care unit has objected different objectives such as creating awareness, treatment, offering clinical services as explained later in this paper. The operations of the mission will specifically be in New Jersey in connection to other units designated in other countries on the same network. The unit will be set in the existing health center at the selected location in order to improve the services as demand rises, which are unavailable in the country. The new health unit is also set to act as a center for the campaign and awareness for advocating better health services and advices to the increasing cases of youth pregnancies. Teenage pregnancy is a real threat to the society in terms of the social and economic development status quo of the people and their existence. The problem has caused many cases of maternal death due to lack of better health cares on such cases. However, the problem occurs for lack of awareness and advices to the young relationships such as sexual education in order to avoid the unplanned pregnancies. This results many families from riches to rags and eventually begging since the parents of the children were not prepared for their task ahead. The real solution of spread of Teenage pregnancies lies within each one in the country to participate in its eradications, which will be through education of sexual consequences. It’s very much sure that women are infected at a younger stage than men. In this case, the teen pregnancy has become a priority of the New Jersey state. This is because of its complexity as their expose themselves in the poor social and economic conditions. This status includes low attainment of education, overcrowded or inadequate housing, language barriers, literacy, and violence in the families, negligence, and gang abuse. The teen pregnancy also causes their involvement in crime

Why Juveniles should be tried as adults and Why shouldn't Juveniles be Essay

Why Juveniles should be tried as adults and Why shouldn't Juveniles be tried as adults - Essay Example Also, these courts and separate punishment laws have not helped stop or minimize the number of juvenile crimes taking place. If these delinquents are not punished properly then the next generation will be no better, probably even worse. The other side, that is that juveniles shouldn’t be treated as adults say that these children do not understand the consequence of their action and are not mature enough to handle this type of punishment. The juvenile court is there to help treat these children and not deter them. Also, by punishing the juvenile delinquents will not reduce the number of such crimes taking place but providing them with a healthy and supportive social environment will help achieve these results. (Cliff Notes, 2008) There have been some cases where children aged 7 till the ages of 14 have committed crimes. It seems unfair to judge them in an adult court as they did not understand the intensity of the crime that they have committed. In Chicago, two boys of the ages 7 and 8 were accused of killing an 11-year-old girl. The possible reason was to take her Road Warrior bike. (McLaughlin, 1998) Charging these boys with the same punishment as an adult would be a crime in itself. The adult prison is not a very safe place with all those men who are frustrated. Sending these children there would be the death of them and their innocence. On the other hand there was another case of three boys one of them who was a 15 year old. They tortured and decapitated an eight year old boy. The older companions were judged in the adult court while the fifteen year old was judged in a juvenile court, even though he was about to turn sixteen in three weeks. His punishment was a lot less than the punishment of the two older companions. He was to be released on his twenty-fifth birthday while the other two companions got life imprisonment with out